- Transference: it is the process of
transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is
the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."
Example 1. My uncle works as supervisor
in that company :Pamankubekerjasebagaisupervisor
di perusahanity
2. Jack is a
master in mathematic : Jack adalahseorang master di matematika.
- Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first
to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.
(Newmark, 1988b:82)
Example 1.psychology
= psikologi
2.photo = foto
- Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural
word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate"
(Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example 1.
Mini baseball = kasti
2.pedicab
= becak
- Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a
culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example 1.Hanbok
(Korea) = Kebaya
2.Sambrero
(Meksiko) = Blankon
- Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning
of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
Example 1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we
can eat in every new year party
2.BirPletok
= the traditional drinks from Betawi that’s mnde by ginger
- Componential analysis: it means "comparing an
SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious
one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their
differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
Example 1.
2.
- Synonymy: it is a "near TL
equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
Example 1.Smart = clever = brainy
2.honest
= fair = frank = truthful
- Through-translation: it is the literal translation
of common collocations, names of organizations and components of
compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark,
1988b:84)
Example 1.
Normal school = sekolah normal
2.Manchester
University = Universitas Manchester
- Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the
grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural,
(ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in
the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun
group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)
Example 1.
Children = our children
2.succeed
= success
- Modulation: it occurs when the translator
reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity
with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear
dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)
Example 1.Youre going to have a nephew =andaakanjaditante
2.The laws of Germany govern this Agreement. = Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hokum Jerman.
- Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator
"normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of
any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
Example 1.
United Kingdom = Britannia
2.Uni Soviet = USSR (Uni Soviet
Socialist Republic)
- Compensation: it occurs when loss of
meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
(Newmark, 1988b:90)
Example 1.Vengeance is mine!àSaatnyabalasdendam
2.have
a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !
- Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning
of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than
that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example 1.
2.
- Couplets: it occurs when the translator
combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example 1.
2.
- Notes: notes are additional
information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
Example 1.PS
: Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : BimaSaktiadalahsebuah galaxy
2.Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on
2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akantayangpadatahun 2015
